WARP 1.0

- Added FFI
- Added a sidebar to the UI
- Added project, directory and archive processing
- Added generic `Container` interface for extensible stores of WARP data
- Fixed type references being constructed and pulled incorrectly
- Added HTML, Markdown and JSON report generation
- Made the WARP information added as an analysis activity
- Flattened the signatures directory, the target information is stored in the file now
- Matched function information is stored as function metadata in the database to reliably persist, alongside the function GUID
- Split the matching out from the application, allowing you to match on a given function without applying it
- Added more/better tests
- Added support for binaries with multiple architectures, the functions are now also queried based off the Target, see WARP spec for more details
- Greatly improved support for RISC architectures, see WARP spec for more details
- Greatly improved UX when loading files after the fact, will now sanely rerun the matcher
- Omitted the function type if not a user type, this greatly reduces file size
- Improved support for functions that reference a page aligned base pointer, see WARP spec for more details
- Removed some extra cache structures that were causing erroneous behavior
- Fixed edge-case in LLIL traversal missing some constant pointers, this was a bug in the Rust bindings
- Added support for function comments
- Made long running tasks, such as generating, matching and loading signatures, cancellable where possible
- Made function constraints more versatile, allowing for easy extensions in the future, see WARP spec for details
- Added options to signature generation, such as what data to store, and whether to compress the data or not
- Made all long running tasks prompt the user for required information before the task starts, allowing users to "set it and forget it" and not have to baby sit the finalization of the task
- Myriad of other changes to the actual WARP format that impact performance, file size and general feature set, see https://github.com/Vector35/warp for more details

1 files changed, 652 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/plugins/warp/api/python/generator.cpp b/plugins/warp/api/python/generator.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f40fc01a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plugins/warp/api/python/generator.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2020-2025 Vector 35 Inc.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include "binaryninjaapi.h"
+
+using namespace BinaryNinja;
+using namespace std;
+
+
+map<string, string> g_pythonKeywordReplacements = {
+	{"False", "False_"},
+	{"True", "True_"},
+	{"None", "None_"},
+	{"and", "and_"},
+	{"as", "as_"},
+	{"assert", "assert_"},
+	{"async", "async_"},
+	{"await", "await_"},
+	{"break", "break_"},
+	{"class", "class_"},
+	{"continue", "continue_"},
+	{"def", "def_"},
+	{"del", "del_"},
+	{"elif", "elif_"},
+	{"else", "else_"},
+	{"except", "except_"},
+	{"finally", "finally_"},
+	{"for", "for_"},
+	{"from", "from_"},
+	{"global", "global_"},
+	{"if", "if_"},
+	{"import", "import_"},
+	{"in", "in_"},
+	{"is", "is_"},
+	{"lambda", "lambda_"},
+	{"nonlocal", "nonlocal_"},
+	{"not", "not_"},
+	{"or", "or_"},
+	{"pass", "pass_"},
+	{"raise", "raise_"},
+	{"return", "return_"},
+	{"try", "try_"},
+	{"while", "while_"},
+	{"with", "with_"},
+	{"yield", "yield_"},
+};
+
+
+void OutputType(FILE* out, Type* type, bool isReturnType = false, bool isCallback = false)
+{
+	switch (type->GetClass())
+	{
+	case BoolTypeClass:
+		fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_bool");
+		break;
+	case IntegerTypeClass:
+		switch (type->GetWidth())
+		{
+		case 1:
+			if (type->IsSigned())
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_byte");
+			else
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_ubyte");
+			break;
+		case 2:
+			if (type->IsSigned())
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_short");
+			else
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_ushort");
+			break;
+		case 4:
+			if (type->IsSigned())
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_int");
+			else
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_uint");
+			break;
+		default:
+			if (type->IsSigned())
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_longlong");
+			else
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_ulonglong");
+			break;
+		}
+		break;
+	case FloatTypeClass:
+		if (type->GetWidth() == 4)
+			fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_float");
+		else
+			fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_double");
+		break;
+	case NamedTypeReferenceClass:
+		if (type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetTypeReferenceClass() == EnumNamedTypeClass)
+		{
+			string name = type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName().GetString();
+			if (name.size() > 16 && name.substr(0, 11) == "_BNDebugger")
+				name = name.substr(3);
+			else if (name.size() > 15 && name.substr(0, 10) == "BNDebugger")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			else if (name.size() > 15 && name.substr(0, 7) == "BNDebug")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			else if (name.size() > 2 && name.substr(0, 2) == "BN")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			fprintf(out, "%sEnum", name.c_str());
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "%s", type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName().GetString().c_str());
+		}
+		break;
+	case PointerTypeClass:
+		if (isCallback || (type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == VoidTypeClass))
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_void_p");
+			break;
+		}
+		else if ((type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == IntegerTypeClass) &&
+				 (type->GetChildType()->GetWidth() == 1) && (type->GetChildType()->IsSigned()))
+		{
+			if (isReturnType)
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_byte)");
+			else
+				fprintf(out, "ctypes.c_char_p");
+			break;
+		}
+		else if (type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == FunctionTypeClass)
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(");
+			OutputType(out, type->GetChildType()->GetChildType().GetValue(), true, true);
+			for (auto& i : type->GetChildType()->GetParameters())
+			{
+				fprintf(out, ", ");
+				OutputType(out, i.type.GetValue());
+			}
+			fprintf(out, ")");
+			break;
+		}
+		fprintf(out, "ctypes.POINTER(");
+		OutputType(out, type->GetChildType().GetValue());
+		fprintf(out, ")");
+		break;
+	case ArrayTypeClass:
+		OutputType(out, type->GetChildType().GetValue());
+		fprintf(out, " * %" PRId64, type->GetElementCount());
+		break;
+	default:
+		fprintf(out, "None");
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+
+void OutputSwizzledType(FILE* out, Type* type)
+{
+	switch (type->GetClass())
+	{
+	case BoolTypeClass:
+		fprintf(out, "bool");
+		break;
+	case IntegerTypeClass:
+		fprintf(out, "int");
+		break;
+	case FloatTypeClass:
+		fprintf(out, "float");
+		break;
+	case NamedTypeReferenceClass:
+		if (type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetTypeReferenceClass() == EnumNamedTypeClass)
+		{
+			string name = type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName().GetString();
+			if (name.size() > 16 && name.substr(0, 11) == "_BNDebugger")
+				name = name.substr(3);
+			else if (name.size() > 15 && name.substr(0, 10) == "BNDebugger")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			else if (name.size() > 15 && name.substr(0, 7) == "BNDebug")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			else if (name.size() > 2 && name.substr(0, 2) == "BN")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			fprintf(out, "%sEnum", name.c_str());
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "%s", type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName().GetString().c_str());
+		}
+		break;
+	case PointerTypeClass:
+		if (type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == VoidTypeClass)
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "Optional[ctypes.c_void_p]");
+			break;
+		}
+		else if ((type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == IntegerTypeClass) &&
+			(type->GetChildType()->GetWidth() == 1) && (type->GetChildType()->IsSigned()))
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "Optional[str]");
+			break;
+		}
+		else if (type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == FunctionTypeClass)
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(");
+			OutputType(out, type->GetChildType()->GetChildType().GetValue(), true, true);
+			for (auto& i : type->GetChildType()->GetParameters())
+			{
+				fprintf(out, ", ");
+				OutputType(out, i.type.GetValue());
+			}
+			fprintf(out, ")");
+			break;
+		}
+		fprintf(out, "ctypes.POINTER(");
+		OutputType(out, type->GetChildType().GetValue());
+		fprintf(out, ")");
+		break;
+	case ArrayTypeClass:
+		OutputType(out, type->GetChildType().GetValue());
+		fprintf(out, " * %" PRId64, type->GetElementCount());
+		break;
+	default:
+		fprintf(out, "None");
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 5)
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "Usage: generator <header> <output> <output_template> <output_enum>\n");
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	// Parse API header to get type and function information
+	map<QualifiedName, Ref<Type>> types, vars, funcs;
+	string errors;
+	auto arch = new CoreArchitecture(BNGetNativeTypeParserArchitecture());
+
+	// Enable ephemeral settings
+	Settings::Instance()->LoadSettingsFile("");
+	Settings::Instance()->Set("analysis.types.parserName", "ClangTypeParser");
+	bool ok = arch->GetStandalonePlatform()->ParseTypesFromSourceFile(argv[1], types, vars, funcs, errors);
+
+	if (!ok)
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr, "Errors: %s\n", errors.c_str());
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	FILE* out = fopen(argv[2], "w");
+	FILE* out_template = fopen(argv[3], "r");
+	FILE* enums = fopen(argv[4], "w");
+
+	fprintf(enums, "import enum\n");
+
+	// Copy the content of the template to the output file
+	int c;
+	while((c = fgetc(out_template)) != EOF)
+		fputc(c, out);
+
+	// Create type objects
+	fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNFreeString\n");
+	fprintf(out, "# Type definitions\n");
+	for (auto& i : types)
+	{
+		string name;
+		if (i.first.size() != 1)
+			continue;
+		name = i.first[0];
+		if (name == "BNBinaryView")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNBinaryView, BNBinaryViewHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNArchitecture")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNArchitecture, BNArchitectureHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNBasicBlock")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNBasicBlock, BNBasicBlockHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNFunction")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNFunction, BNFunctionHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNLowLevelILFunction")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNLowLevelILFunction, BNLowLevelILFunctionHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNPlatform")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNPlatform, BNPlatformHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNSymbol")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNSymbol, BNSymbolHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (name == "BNType")
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import BNType, BNTypeHandle\n");
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (i.second->GetClass() == StructureTypeClass)
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "class %s(ctypes.Structure):\n", name.c_str());
+
+			// python uses str's, C uses byte-arrays
+			bool stringField = false;
+			for (auto& arg : i.second->GetStructure()->GetMembers())
+			{
+				if ((arg.type->GetClass() == PointerTypeClass) &&
+					(arg.type->GetChildType()->GetWidth() == 1) &&
+					(arg.type->GetChildType()->IsSigned()))
+					{
+						fprintf(out, "\t@property\n\tdef %s(self):\n\t\treturn pyNativeStr(self._%s)\n", arg.name.c_str(), arg.name.c_str());
+						fprintf(out, "\t@%s.setter\n\tdef %s(self, value):\n\t\tself._%s = cstr(value)\n", arg.name.c_str(), arg.name.c_str(), arg.name.c_str());
+						stringField = true;
+					}
+			}
+
+			if (!stringField)
+				fprintf(out, "\tpass\n");
+
+			fprintf(out, "%sHandle = ctypes.POINTER(%s)\n", name.c_str(), name.c_str());
+		}
+		else if (i.second->GetClass() == EnumerationTypeClass)
+		{
+			bool isBNAPIEnum = false;
+			if (name.size() > 16 && name.substr(0, 11) == "_BNDebugger")
+				name = name.substr(3);
+			else if (name.size() > 15 && name.substr(0, 10) == "BNDebugger")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			else if (name.size() > 15 && name.substr(0, 7) == "BNDebug")
+				name = name.substr(2);
+			else if (name.size() > 2 && name.substr(0, 2) == "BN")
+			{
+				name = name.substr(2);
+				isBNAPIEnum = false;
+			}
+			else
+				continue;
+
+			if (isBNAPIEnum)
+			{
+				fprintf(out, "from binaryninja._binaryninjacore import %sEnum\n", name.c_str());
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			fprintf(out, "%sEnum = ctypes.c_int\n", name.c_str());
+
+			fprintf(enums, "\n\nclass %s(enum.IntEnum):\n", name.c_str());
+			for (auto& j : i.second->GetEnumeration()->GetMembers())
+			{
+				fprintf(enums, "\t%s = %" PRId64 "\n", j.name.c_str(), j.value);
+			}
+		}
+		else if ((i.second->GetClass() == BoolTypeClass) || (i.second->GetClass() == IntegerTypeClass) ||
+				 (i.second->GetClass() == FloatTypeClass) || (i.second->GetClass() == ArrayTypeClass))
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "%s = ", name.c_str());
+			OutputType(out, i.second);
+			fprintf(out, "\n");
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	fprintf(out, "\n# Structure definitions\n");
+	set<QualifiedName> structsToProcess;
+	set<QualifiedName> finishedStructs;
+	for (auto& i : types)
+		structsToProcess.insert(i.first);
+	while (structsToProcess.size() != 0)
+	{
+		set<QualifiedName> currentStructList = structsToProcess;
+		structsToProcess.clear();
+		bool processedSome = false;
+		for (auto& i : currentStructList)
+		{
+			string name;
+			if (i.size() != 1)
+				continue;
+			Ref<Type> type = types[i];
+			name = i[0];
+			if ((type->GetClass() == StructureTypeClass) && (type->GetStructure()->GetMembers().size() != 0))
+			{
+				bool requiresDependency = false;
+				for (auto& j : type->GetStructure()->GetMembers())
+				{
+					if ((j.type->GetClass() == NamedTypeReferenceClass) &&
+						(finishedStructs.count(j.type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName()) == 0))
+					{
+						// This structure needs another structure that isn't fully defined yet, need to wait
+						// for the dependencies to be defined
+						structsToProcess.insert(i);
+						requiresDependency = true;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (requiresDependency)
+					continue;
+				fprintf(out, "%s._fields_ = [\n", name.c_str());
+				for (auto& j : type->GetStructure()->GetMembers())
+				{
+					// To help the python->C wrappers
+					if ((j.type->GetClass() == PointerTypeClass) &&
+						(j.type->GetChildType()->GetWidth() == 1) &&
+						(j.type->GetChildType()->IsSigned()))
+						{
+							fprintf(out, "\t\t(\"_%s\", ", j.name.c_str());
+						}
+					else
+						fprintf(out, "\t\t(\"%s\", ", j.name.c_str());
+					OutputType(out, j.type.GetValue());
+					fprintf(out, "),\n");
+				}
+				fprintf(out, "\t]\n");
+				finishedStructs.insert(i);
+				processedSome = true;
+			}
+			else if (type->GetClass() == NamedTypeReferenceClass)
+			{
+				if (type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetTypeReferenceClass() == StructNamedTypeClass)
+				{
+					fprintf(out, "%s = %s\n", name.c_str(), type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName().GetString().c_str());
+					fprintf(out, "%sHandle = %sHandle\n", name.c_str(), type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetName().GetString().c_str());
+				}
+				else if (type->GetNamedTypeReference()->GetTypeReferenceClass() == EnumNamedTypeClass)
+				{
+					fprintf(out, "%s = ctypes.c_int\n", name.c_str());
+				}
+				finishedStructs.insert(i);
+				processedSome = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!processedSome && structsToProcess.size() != 0)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, "Detected dependency cycle in structures\n");
+			for (auto& i : structsToProcess)
+				fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", i.GetString().c_str());
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	fprintf(out, "\n# Function definitions\n");
+	for (auto& i : funcs)
+	{
+		string name;
+		if (i.first.size() != 1)
+			continue;
+		name = i.first[0];
+
+		// Check for a string result, these will be automatically wrapped to free the string
+		// memory and return a Python string
+		bool stringResult = (i.second->GetChildType()->GetClass() == PointerTypeClass) &&
+			(i.second->GetChildType()->GetChildType()->GetWidth() == 1) &&
+			(i.second->GetChildType()->GetChildType()->IsSigned());
+		// Pointer returns will be automatically wrapped to return None on null pointer
+		bool pointerResult = (i.second->GetChildType()->GetClass() == PointerTypeClass);
+
+		// From python -> C python3 requires str -> str.encode('charmap')
+		bool swizzleArgs = true;
+		if (name == "BNFreeString")
+			swizzleArgs = false;
+
+		bool callbackConvention = false;
+		if (name == "BNAllocString")
+		{
+			// Don't perform automatic wrapping of string allocation, and return a void
+			// pointer so that callback functions (which is the only valid use of BNDebuggerAllocString)
+			// can properly return the result
+			stringResult = false;
+			callbackConvention = true;
+			swizzleArgs = false;
+		}
+
+		string funcName = string("_") + name;
+
+		fprintf(out, "# -------------------------------------------------------\n");
+		fprintf(out, "# %s\n\n", funcName.c_str());
+		fprintf(out, "%s = core.%s\n", funcName.c_str(), name.c_str());
+		fprintf(out, "%s.restype = ", funcName.c_str());
+		OutputType(out, i.second->GetChildType().GetValue(), true, callbackConvention);
+		fprintf(out, "\n");
+		if (!i.second->HasVariableArguments())
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "%s.argtypes = [\n", funcName.c_str());
+			for (auto& j : i.second->GetParameters())
+			{
+				fprintf(out, "\t\t");
+				if (name == "BNFreeString")
+				{
+					// BNDebuggerFreeString expects a pointer to a string allocated by the core, so do not use
+					// a c_char_p here, as that would be allocated by the Python runtime.  This can
+					// be enforced by outputting like a return value.
+					OutputType(out, j.type.GetValue(), true);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					OutputType(out, j.type.GetValue());
+				}
+				fprintf(out, ",\n");
+			}
+			fprintf(out, "\t]");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// As of writing this, only BNLog's have variable instruction lengths, but in an attempt not to break in the future:
+			if (funcName.compare(0, 6, "_BNLog") == 0)
+			{
+				if (funcName != "_BNLog")
+				{
+					fprintf(out, "def %s(*args):\n", name.c_str());
+					fprintf(out, "\treturn %s(*[cstr(arg) for arg in args])\n\n", funcName.c_str());
+					continue;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					fprintf(out, "def %s(level, *args):\n", name.c_str());
+					fprintf(out, "\treturn %s(level, *[cstr(arg) for arg in args])\n\n", funcName.c_str());
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		fprintf(out, "\n\n\n# noinspection PyPep8Naming\n");
+		fprintf(out, "def %s(", name.c_str());
+		if (!i.second->HasVariableArguments())
+		{
+			size_t argN = 0;
+			for (auto& arg: i.second->GetParameters())
+			{
+				string argName = arg.name;
+				if (g_pythonKeywordReplacements.find(argName) != g_pythonKeywordReplacements.end())
+					argName = g_pythonKeywordReplacements[argName];
+
+				if (argName.empty())
+					argName = "arg" + to_string(argN);
+
+				if (argN > 0)
+					fprintf(out, ", ");
+				fprintf(out, "\n\t\t");
+				fprintf(out, "%s: ", argName.c_str());
+				if (swizzleArgs)
+					OutputSwizzledType(out, arg.type.GetValue());
+				else
+					OutputType(out, arg.type.GetValue());
+				argN ++;
+			}
+		}
+		fprintf(out, "\n\t\t) -> ");
+		if (swizzleArgs)
+		{
+			if (stringResult || pointerResult)
+				fprintf(out, "Optional[");
+			OutputSwizzledType(out, i.second->GetChildType().GetValue());
+			if (stringResult || pointerResult)
+				fprintf(out, "]");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			OutputType(out, i.second->GetChildType().GetValue());
+		}
+		fprintf(out, ":\n");
+
+		string stringArgFuncCall = funcName + "(";
+		size_t argN = 0;
+		for (auto& arg : i.second->GetParameters())
+		{
+			string argName = arg.name;
+			if (g_pythonKeywordReplacements.find(argName) != g_pythonKeywordReplacements.end())
+				argName = g_pythonKeywordReplacements[argName];
+
+			if (argName.empty())
+				argName = "arg" + to_string(argN);
+
+			if (swizzleArgs && (arg.type->GetClass() == PointerTypeClass) &&
+				(arg.type->GetChildType()->GetClass() == IntegerTypeClass) &&
+				(arg.type->GetChildType()->GetWidth() == 1) &&
+				(arg.type->GetChildType()->IsSigned()))
+			{
+				stringArgFuncCall += string("cstr(") + argName + "), ";
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				stringArgFuncCall += argName + ", ";
+			}
+			argN++;
+		}
+		if (argN > 0)
+			stringArgFuncCall = stringArgFuncCall.substr(0, stringArgFuncCall.size()-2);
+		stringArgFuncCall += ")";
+
+		if (stringResult)
+		{
+			// Emit wrapper to get Python string and free native memory
+			fprintf(out, "\tresult = ");
+			fprintf(out, "%s\n", stringArgFuncCall.c_str());
+			fprintf(out, "\tif not result:\n");
+			fprintf(out, "\t\treturn None\n");
+			fprintf(out, "\tstring = str(pyNativeStr(ctypes.cast(result, ctypes.c_char_p).value))\n");
+			fprintf(out, "\tBNFreeString(result)\n");
+			fprintf(out, "\treturn string\n");
+		}
+		else if (pointerResult)
+		{
+			// Emit wrapper to return None on null pointer
+			fprintf(out, "\tresult = ");
+			fprintf(out, "%s\n", stringArgFuncCall.c_str());
+			fprintf(out, "\tif not result:\n");
+			fprintf(out, "\t\treturn None\n");
+			fprintf(out, "\treturn result\n");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			fprintf(out, "\treturn ");
+			fprintf(out, "%s\n", stringArgFuncCall.c_str());
+		}
+		fprintf(out, "\n\n");
+	}
+
+	fprintf(out, "\n# Helper functions\n");
+	fprintf(out, "def handle_of_type(value, handle_type):\n");
+	fprintf(out, "\tif isinstance(value, ctypes.POINTER(handle_type)) or isinstance(value, ctypes.c_void_p):\n");
+	fprintf(out, "\t\treturn ctypes.cast(value, ctypes.POINTER(handle_type))\n");
+	fprintf(out, "\traise ValueError('expected pointer to %%s' %% str(handle_type))\n");
+
+	fclose(out);
+	fclose(enums);
+	return 0;
+}